Feminism in the Old Testament- Article Reviews Essay

Juskiene, Vaineta. Female Image in the Biblical Text: Aspect of Creationsim. Feminist -------------Theology. Journal Biblical Literature, 1 Dec. 2010. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. Rooke, Deborah W. Feminist Criticism of the Old Testament: Why Bother?Libraries.Slu.Edu. ----Journal Biblical Literature, 1 Jan. 2007. Web. 6 Apr. 2012. http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezp.slu.edu/eds/detail?vid=6hid=101sid=b1182eba-cea0-4340-8ef1-ed25678fc244%40sessionmgr112bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=a9hAN=24052529. Feminism in the Old Testament The first article that is discussed in great proportion is called ‘The Feminist Criticism of the Old Testament: Why Bother?’ by Deborah W. Rooke. Rooke voices her opinion quite clear by making the statement that†¦show more content†¦It is expressed that the interpretations are mysoginistic and sexist as the traditional readings of Genisis 2-3 begin from the biblical era and blame the woman for sin and fall. Most notably Rooke points out that woman were not at the heart of the fall of man and that there are two crucial parts missing in that statement. Why does God lie to the (hu)man and why is the snake punished for tell ing the truth? Rooke goes on to explain how ‘God tells the (hu)man that on the day that he eats the fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, he will die’ (Gen, 2.17), the snake tells the woman that she and the man will not die, but would be given knowledge (3.4-5).’ Throughout the article Rooke takes another standpoint, a feminist standpoint, and in her interpretation of the bible argues the inferior nature of the woman in the Old Testament. It can be surmised from the article that Rooke feels that female subordination on the grounds that the woman’s inferior status and weak, susceptible characters means that she deserves to be under her husband’s authority is preposterous. The next article is not necessarily in opposition to Rookes’ however, what this segment does is paint a picture of equality by not ignoring the inferior role that women played rather by making the statement that man and women were equal and that the woman honored her role given the circumstances. This all deals with perception and interpretation and this is key toShow MoreRelatedCritical Theory2567 Words   |  11 PagesChoose 2 theories from Semester 1 and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the theories’ application. In this essay two theories will be examined in regards to their advantages and disadvantages, when applied. For this, Feminism and Post-Colonialism will be used, as both theories unite in their aim to deconstruct the dominant ideologies and stereotypes in a patriarchal and imperialistic ‘white European male ’ dominated society, thus overthrowing centuries of colonization, subordinationRead MoreCritical Theory2551 Words   |  11 PagesChoose 2 theories from Semester 1 and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the theories’ application. In this essay two theories will be examined in regards to their advantages and disadvantages, when applied. For this, Feminism and Post-Colonialism will be used, as both theories unite in their aim to deconstruct the dominant ideologies and stereotypes in a patriarchal and imperialistic ‘white European male ’ dominated society, thus overthrowing centuries of colonization, subordinationRead MoreWomen s Role During The American Revolution3305 Words   |  14 Pagesbetween the sexes. One of the most significant characters in establishing academic coexistence was Mary Lyon. A brief consideration of some of Mary Lyon’s efforts in Solomon’s study will conclude this review. Mary Lyon was born in Massachusetts in 1797 and began teaching when she was 17 years old. She attended Byfield Seminary and then taught at several other academies. At her time when women did not receive enough of quality education, she argued that education for women should be affordable andRead MoreThe Vogue Of The Lady3547 Words   |  15 Pagesmost significant characters in establishing academic coexistence was Mary Lyon. A brief consideration of some of Mary Lyon’s efforts in Solomon’s study will conclude this review. Mary Lyon born in Massachusetts in 1797 began teaching when she was Mary Lyon born in Massachusetts in 1797 began teaching when she was 17 years old. She attended Byfield Seminary and then taught at several other academies. At her time when women did not receive enough of quality education, she argued that education forRead MoreA Concept Of A Calling5698 Words   |  23 PagesThompson, 2009). Notions of ?a calling?, historically, can be found in literature from theological, philosophical and socio-historical sources (Carter, 2014). An early usage was the Biblical calling of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the Old Testament. The New Testament used the term for the calling of the disciples by Christ (Scott, 2007). During the Protestant Reformation the idea that ?earthly? occupations could have spiritual significance was developed (Dik Duffy, 2009). Since the ReformationRead MoreLgbt19540 Words   |  79 Pagestrans women. Transvestite or cross-dressing individuals are thought to comprise the largest transgender sub-group. Cross-dressers sometimes wear clothes considered appropriate to a different gender. They vary in how completely they dress (from one article of clothing to fully cross-dressing) as well as in their motives for doing so. A small number can go on to identify as transsexual. Gender Reassignment Gender Reassignment also called transitioning, is the process of changing the way someones genderRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesBabylon and Dread Revitalization 4. The Ethos of Rastafari: Structure, Ideology, and Ritual 5. â€Å"Coming in from the Cold†: Rastafari and the Wider Society 6. Rastafari Rules: Bearers of Jamaican Popular Culture 7. Summary and Conclusions Appendix: A Review of the Literature on Rastafari Notes Selected Bibliography Index 3 7 29 41 67 79 97 117 127 141 171 185 This page intentionally left blank Rastafari This page intentionally left blank Introduction Since its emergenceRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesMikael Andersson/Nordic Photos/Getty Images; Figure 2.3  © Sean Justice/The Image Bank/ Getty Images; Figure 2.4  © Bruce Hands/Stone/Getty Images; 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5 based on Human relations: rare, medium, or well-done? in Harvard Business Review Vol. 26 No. 1 Harvard Business School Publishing (Roethlisberger, F. J. 1948); Figure 3.6 Courtesy of ATT Archives and History Center, Warren, NJ; Figure 4.1 The Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London; Figure 4.2 adapted from Performance evaluation

Stephen Kings Influence On American Literature Essay

Stephen King is one of the most influential authors of today. His award-winning novels and short stories are known world -wide. His many awards and nominations have created a space for him in the literary world. King is a true â€Å"Horror King†, for his books, turned movies, have scared millions world- wide. Stephen King has helped bring America to prominence through his many books, essays and short stories. Stephen Edwin King was born on September 21, 1947 at the Maine General Hospital in Portland, Maine. His parents were Donald Edwin King and Ruth Pillsbury King. Stephen being the only natural born child in the family and his older brother David having been adopted at birth two years earlier. â€Å"The Kings were the typical, â€Å"nuclear† family†¦show more content†¦During his first year at college, King completed his first full-length novel, quot;The Long Walk.quot; He sent the novel to Bennett Cerf/Random House only to have it rejected. King took the rejection bad and filed the book away. Stephen King made his first small sale with his story quot;The Glass Floorquot; for the amount of thirty-five dollars. In June 1970, Stephen King graduated from the University of Maine with a Bachelor of Science degree in English and a certificate to teach high school. Kings next idea came from the poem by Robert Browning, quot;Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came.quot; He began work on The Dark Tower saga. But due to his lack of money he was unable to finish the novel and it too was filed away. King took a measly job of pumping gas earning $1.25 an hour. Stephen King then began to earn money for his writings by submitting his short stories to mens magazines such as Cavalier. On January 2, 1971, Tabitha Jane Spruce and Stephen King were married. And in the fall of 1971, King took a teaching job at Hampden Academy earning $6,400 a year. The Kings then moved to Hermon, a town west of Bangor, Maine. Stephen King then began work on a short story about a teenage girl named Carietta White. After a completing a few pages, King decided it was not a good story and threw it away. Fortunately for Stephen, his wife TabithaShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poes Impact on American Literature1379 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is one of the most influential writers of the horror genre in American history. His horror stories have impacted numerous authors and their stories over the years. Various people have tried to copy his way of writing style, but they have failed to achieve the success he did. Even though Poe is no longer living, his impact on American literature can still be felt today. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. Even though Edgar Allan Poe did not growRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven And The Fall Of The House Of Usher 896 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is an extremely well known American writer and is famous for his horrific and mysterious works such as, â€Å"The Raven† and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† Poe was born in 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts in an era that seems to have many dark and ominous writers and pieces of literature originating from that time period. Poe is said to have launched the interest in many of the detective type stories that we read from modern day writers. â€Å"In the early 1800s, romanticism was the dominantRead MoreThe Unjust End Of John Coffey1504 Words   |  7 PagesMi’esha Straughn Dr. Willis 7 November 2017 ENG 102 Mini Term The Unjust End of John Coffey Yumi Nagasaki-Taylor writes, â€Å"There aren’t too many people who haven’t read a Stephen King book or seen one of his movies† (Nagasaki-Taylor). King s many novels and short stories have become staples in American Literature and English classes around the world. Among King’s well-known works, there is The Green Mile. Anyone who has read this story will forever remember it, not only because of the unmistakableRead MoreRichard Wrights Native Man, And Native Son : An Analysis938 Words   |  4 PagesWright’s Native Son, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, and Stephen King’s On Writing, this desire for human companionship influences the lives of all protagonists. Without this humanly comfort, no creature would able to survive. Richard Wright shocks audiences with his animalistic portrayal of Bigger, the protagonist of Native Son. 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King also made his foray intoRead MoreIdentities : Cultural Stereotypes Of African American Women Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Stereotypes of African American Women and Citizen: An American Lyric Racism and stereotypes are explored in Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric, which draws the reader in through a series of vignettes, using poetry, prose and multi-media to detail both subtle and overt incidents of racism that happened to the author, her friends and celebrities. This paper will explore the ways in which modern racism is rooted in historical racism and African American women are subject to intersectingRead MoreArgumentative Essay On The Fall Of The House Of Usher1169 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Monsters are real, and ghosts are real too. They live inside us, and sometimes, they win†(King). Stephen King is one of the most famous horror fiction writers in history, with such classic works as The Shining and It on his resume. However, King would be nothing if it weren’t for the tortured, Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849). Poe’s works seem to project the monsters and ghosts which lived inside him, through his awful, short life. Poe writings are woven tightly with language holding hidden meaningsRead MoreEssay about flannery oconner: queen of irony1743 Words   |  7 Pages Flannery O’Connor: Queen of Irony The literary rebellion, known as realism, established itself in American writing as a direct response to the age of American romanticism’s sentimental and sensationalist prose. As the dominance of New England’s literary culture waned â€Å"a host of new writers appeared, among them Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, and Mark Twain, whose background and training, unlike those of the older generation they displaced, were middle-class and journalistic rather than genteelRead MoreThe Raven, By Edgar Allan Poe Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesThe genre of horror in literature has been around for many years but, the genre itself never fails in bringing suspense and thrillers. Horror fiction itself began stemming from folklore and religious traditions, the stories based on evil spirits, vampires, and werewolves. A prominent writer of the horror fiction genre would be Edgar Allan Poe, well known for writing The Raven, who would be the most recognizable and most established horro r writer. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston on January 19Read MoreA Brief Biography of Edgar Allan Poe Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pagesdisintegrating. Impact on literature Edgar Allen Poe was one of the first artist to write horror and mystery stories such as† The Pit and the Pendulum,† â€Å"The Black Cat,† â€Å"The Tale Tale Heart,† and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†. He is credited as the architect of the modern short story. Nearly every great American writer is greatly influenced by Poe’s short stories and poems especially the ones writing gothic or grotesque stories. Stevin king and Clive barker followed the footsteps

Bazarov a lunatic or visionary free essay sample

Vlad Elkis MOL 316-101 Dr. Elizabeth Ginzburg October 5, 2003 Bazarov: a moonstruck or a airy? # 8220 ; And the palace made of sand Thaws into the sea, Eventually. # 8221 ; James Marshall Hendrix Ivan Turgenev # 8217 ; s effort at making a new Russian coeval # 8220 ; hero # 8221 ; has yielded a figure of highly high complexness, contradiction, and divergency. This character, a adult male named Evgeny Bazarov and the mystery of his individual have fueled illimitable arguments on the true kernel of this figure, as it was intended by the writer. As Socrates said, # 8220 ; Amid the debate, the truth is found # 8221 ; , so allow this modest part to the apparently eternal treatment of Bazarov bring us possibly one little measure closer to the truth about this cryptic adult male and his true kernel. What is Bazarov? Was he doomed to catharsis of his theories, or was he a luminary worthy of regard and acceptance? Evgeny Bazarov was born into a household of a modest provincial physician. Turgenev provides no information about Bazarov # 8217 ; s life before his reaching in Maryino, but it can be guessed that the life of a less-than-richly endowed medical pupil in St. Petersburg must hold involved countless adversities. Fyodor Dostoyevsky # 8217 ; s Crime and Punishmenthas provided considerable penetration into the life of immature bookmans at that clip, and it is more than sensible to surmise that Bazarov # 8217 ; s life was no lupus erythematosus of a challenge than it was for Dostoyevsky # 8217 ; s Rodion Raskolnikov. This asceticism of life style, combined with his dedicated academic chases, has made Bazarov into a rigorous empiricist, a staunch practitioner, and a unmerciful sceptic. Personal experience became his lone acceptable signifier of find. His actions were governed by nil other than rational logical thinking ; sentiments and passions were trampled by the ironfisted giant of his dogged mind. Unfortunately, the power of Bazarov # 8217 ; s mind played a ill-mannered gag on the immature pseudo-philosopher. His refusal to admit any authorization besides meant his failure to acknowledge that possibly he was non the wisest individual in the universe. # 8220 ; When I meet a adult male who can keep his ain beside me, so I # 8217 ; ll alter my sentiment of myself, # 8221 ; says Bazarov. Clearly, he is blindly infatuated with the thought of his ain illustriousness. Pavel Kirsanov comments this trait in Bazarov # 8217 ; s character as # 8220 ; Satanic pride # 8221 ; . Possibly, this super-egotistic compulsion with self-righteousness was fueled by his comrade, Arkady. The immature Kirsanov, hardly 23 old ages of age, seemingly had non yet formed a sound system of ethical motives and values and was drawn into discipleship of nihilism chiefly by the power of Bazarov # 8217 ; s personal appeal and the # 8220 ; freshness # 8221 ; of the nihilists # 8217 ; thoughts, instead than their esthesia. Arkady is a individual missing character and devoid of an independent rational anchor. He invariably needs person # 8217 ; s support and Bazarov merely happens to be graphic plenty a personality to pull such a simple life signifier as Arkady. Over the class of their friendly relationship, Arkady breathes every word spoken by his sensei, rarely exposing marks of independent idea. He delightfully rejects authorization, but his nihilistic ardor is non sincere ; Arkady semi-consciously follows his friend, who quietly and equivocally ridicules him as a hypocrite, for Bazarov knows that Arkady # 8217 ; s subscription to nihilism is really strongly contradicted b y his demeanour, and his frequent shows of feelings and emotions. But why does Bazarov non abdicate this friendly relationship? Why does he digest the company of Arkady, this dim dissembler, and why does he hold to go to Maryino? Well, there was no ground non to. As devoted to work and science as Bazarov was, he saw no injury in passing a small clip in the mellow and pleasant state estate of his immature friends # 8217 ; parent. Furthermore, Bazarov yet once more pursues a selfish motivation by holding to go to Maryino: he dreads ennui, which would likely devour him at his true finish, his ain parents # 8217 ; homestead. Although it appears to be apprehensible why such an intelligent and developed figure as Bazarov would seek to avoid drawn-out periods of sole contact with simpler people # 8211 ; they bore him. But it besides seems that Bazarov, in general, feels most comfy around people who inherently have no capableness to face him and oppugn his maximalistic mottos. He enjoys the company of the local childs in Maryino and delightfully explains his work in dissecting toads ; Arkady is his friend because he is harmless ; he even tries to score Fenechka, that diffident and timid adult female, during his concluding visit at the Kirsanovs # 8217 ; . One manner to explicate these gravitative inclinations is by a hypothesis that Bazarov felt vulnerable as a nihilist. The ordinary people around him invariably challenged his thoughts, and Bazarov # 8217 ; s two rudimenta ry reactions were to either withdraw and avoid these arguments, as it normally was in his brushs with Pavel Kirsanov, or to prosecute in all-out verbal scrimmages with his aggressors, who oftentimes sound more sensible than the aggressive nihilist. Bazarov becomes consumed by his ain prevarications. By so ferociously abdicating authorization, rules, and norms, he contradicts himself. Harmonizing to him, poesy is a nil but romantic bunk, music is a waste of clip, esteem of nature is following to hallucinating. Consumed by his fabricated theories, Bazarov fails ( or refuses ) to recognize that by randomly denying these and other of course bing properties of the society and people, he disaffirms his ain dedication to empiricist philosophy. Bazarov # 8217 ; s belief in chemical science attests to the exact antonym of what he asserts. Chemistry is simply a scientific discipline that examines the interaction between atoms ; it does non compose the Torahs of these interactions. Similarly, the universe is constructed with its rules of interactions between people within the society. Therefore, by declining to acknowledge the implicit in order of the society and going a nihilist, Bazarov puts himself in danger of someday confronting a p ainful disclosure. His relentless battle against the ideals and the dreamers has transformed his really self into an dreamer. By assailing all rules already so solidly embedded in the society, he makes himself an writer of merely another set of ideals, values, and rules. # 8220 ; Thou shalt non bask the nature, music, poesy, or love! Thou shalt bask Stoff und Kraftand chemical science! # 8221 ; is a possible quotation mark relatable to Bazarov through paraphrasing of his loud claims. But it is unusual that such an intelligent adult male as Bazarov could non understand that by striping people of their common beginnings of enjoyment and felicity, he was sermonising about a universe edge for suicide. For it is rather clear that the more harmless beginnings of felicity every individual finds in his or her life, the better and safer the universe will be for the society as a whole. Strongly intoxicated by his ain glare and without understanding his error, Bazarov found the audaciousness and audacity to inquiry and ridicule the natural order of his society at the clip. His pursuit for reform basically was a trip to the morning of human race, to the prehistoric times of individualistic moralss ( or absence thereof ) and an effort to redesign the jurisprudence of the universe, the jurisprudence that constructed itself over the centuries and evolved as an environmental force much excessively strong for a simple dreamer like Bazarov to prosecute. # 8220 ; Fathers and Sons # 8221 ; is similar to a Sophoclean calamity, in which the chief character, Bazarov, follows a line that involves most of the properties of a existent tragic hero, as lineation in Grecian play: hubris, an anagnorisis, and a katharsis. His hubris was the titanic pride and disdain for excessively many of the universe # 8217 ; s rules. His unsuccessful relationship with Odintsova, nevertheless, forced him to admit the folly of his roseola evangelizations. Consistent with his ain old statement that # 8220 ; he will reexamine his ain individual when he finds person who can confront him # 8221 ; , Bazarov experiences his anagnorisis when he undergoes a extremist alteration of doctrine after all of his nihilistic thoughts are put to doubt. Bazarov the Empiricist informants through empirical observationthe dismantlement of his longtime theories when he falls in love with the first individual capable of standing up to him, Anna Odintsova. But tragically, the dis closure comes to Bazarov merely when he is on his deathbed, losing clasp of his mighty mind. Too tardily! he acknowledges the truth about his lame # 8220 ; palace made of sand that melted into the sea # 8221 ; when he confessed love to Anna. Even after yet another version of the reading of Bazarov # 8217 ; s narrative is presented, it is still ill-defined whether Bazarov # 8217 ; s decease was an accident or the firm nihilist # 8217 ; s deliberate going from the universe he refused to esteem and acknowledge as his. But what would go on if the physician whom Bazarov was helping during that necropsy didhold the antibiotic to salvage Bazarov from the typhus infection? Would he abandon his brave nihilistic ideals? The reply, I believe, is yes. Bazarovism is an perfectly unsustainable school of idea in human society, and Bazarov # 8217 ; s ain illustration serves as solid grounds for that. Through extrapolation of Evgeny # 8217 ; s persona onto the background of the 20th century, it becomes even clearer that elements like Mr. Bazarov would happen themselves dysfunctional and rejected by the society. Furthermore, a Bazarov-like individual who believes in nil but the empirical would be exposed to excessively many inauspici ous and destructive influences that merely our parents # 8217 ; counsel can assist avoid: drugs, unprotected sex, etc. Therefore, if Turgenev allowed Eugeny to populate as an equal member of the society, so merely like Dostoyevsky # 8217 ; s Raskolnikov, he, excessively, would hold abandoned his vernal fury and joined the society of sensible people.

The Health Belief Model and Barriers - Click to Get Solution

Question: Task 1: Using notes from lectures/independent research produce a 1250 word essay outlining the concept of risky lifestyle behavior with reference to the health belief model and barriers that prevent people engaging in healthy behaviour. The essay should also analyse and examine at least three different factors affecting behavior related to sexual health (e.g. the effect of upbringing on risky sexual behavior). In doing so the strengths and limitations of the research you present in your essay should be examined. Task 2: Using notes from lectures and independent research produce a 750 word essay that analyses the biological explanations behind drug addiction. Your essay should also define what drug addiction is. Ensure you choose at least two explanations and evaluate them. Task 3: Using notes from lectures and independent research produce a 500 word piece of writing that describes and evaluates at least two therapies or treatments. Answer: Task 1 The most common risky lifestyle behavior include behaviors contributing unintentional injuries, violence, sexual behaviors leading to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, psychoactive drug use, using tobacco and unhealthy dietary behavior and inadequate physical activity which are common in most of the young generation individuals. The unintentional injuries or violence can lead to the domestic violence (Gerend Shepherd, 2012). Inadequate physical activity and unhealthy dietary behaviors enhance the risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease along with some psychological disorders including depression. Alcohol and tobacco use can have fatal impacts upon individuals life. One of the most common issues in teen age is unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases due to unprotected sex. According to the health belief model, the perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits and modified variables as well as the perceived barriers contributes to planning action against any kind therapeutic plan against a health problem. Perceived susceptibility is individuals opinion regarding the chance of getting a health issue. Perceived severity is the opinion about how serious the health issue and the consequences are. Perceived benefits include individuals belief about the efficiency of recommended action to decrease the risk of impact (Ayele et al., 2012). Perceived barriers are important consideration for gaining the best possible success from the intervention. The modifying factors can have significant impact upon occurrence of disease. According to the health belief model, the perceived barriers for engaging people with healthy behavior are lack of proper awareness about health behavior. For example, the lack of awareness about the sexual transmission disease and use of condom, the STDs like HIV, Hepatitis B, C are more likely to affect the individuals in rural areas. Alcohol consumption is another major issue which is mostly affects the young generation. Lack of health promotion and risk of experiencing the severity of the withdrawal symptoms which include anxiety, restlessness, irritability and temptation from others (Kim, Ahn No, 2012). There are several factors affecting the sexual health related behavior. The community or neighborhood factors which are associated with high rate of violence, substance abuse are likely to have poor health outcomes. On the other hand, school factors, academic achievement can help youth to make healthy sexual life. The family factors including family factors, economic status of family, supportive and responsive parenting can be positive factors contributing towards healthy sexual behavior of youth. In the case of relationship factors, a good interaction and communication with sexual partner can help to enhance the healthy sexual behavior. In this context, healthy sexual behavior would have a positive impact towards the children, as parents would be aware of the protective factors which they could convey to their children (Scarinci et al., 2012). Task 2 Drug addiction is a specific habit of some people repetitively using the particular drug which enhances the risk of disease and associated social and personal issues. The drug addiction has three phases of drug addiction, initiation, maintenance and relapse. The Biological model depicts that, an individual can be most susceptible to addiction during initiation phase, if they have predisposed biological vulnerability. On the other hand, due to genetic vulnerability can be triggered by the environmental stressors like diathesis stress (Lippke, Nigg Maddock, 2012). According to the genetic explanation, many family studies have been showed that there is possibility of genetic transmission of addictive nature. However, it has also been seen that genetics is not the only cause for predisposing addiction. The genetic explanation indicates that some individuals are more likely to be addicted than other due to the genetic predisposition. If an individual have genetic predisposition, the individual is more likely to maintain his habit of drug use and getting addicted. In contrast, the biological predisposition is less likely to contribute in maintaining addiction (Murray, Farrington Sekol, 2012). According to the biological model, people having addiction lose control over their activities. Studies showed that addiction is long-lasting brain disease with complex factors. The drug/alcohol hijacks the pleasure or reward circuits in their brain and pushes the individual to seek more and more drug. The biological model suggests that the neurobiological factors are important in maintaining the addiction. It can be explained with an example, while consuming nicotine, cocaine or alcohol, the compounds promotes the activity of reward and pleasure sites in brain including mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway which stimulates the person to continuously seek for those drugs for pleasure. The same pathway, mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway is involved in the relapse or reinforcement of addiction (Ersche et al., 2012). In genetic explanation, it has been investigated that the neurotransmitter which is usually related to addiction is dopamine. In its normal activity, the spontaneously active cells in mesolimbic dopamine system release small amount of dopamine for maintaining stable mood status and helps to balance the control system of body and the reward reinforcement system. According to Elliott, Huizinga and Menard (2012) nicotine has a significant effect upon be increased level of dopamine secretion. Individuals having a mutated inherited gene in mesolimbic dopamine pathway are more likely to develop and maintain addiction, as argued by (Gorwood et al., 2012). It has been revealed that the opioid system in brain has a significant role in maintaining addictive behavior. This system secretes enkephalin and endorphins, two opioid neurotransmitters at the status of pleasure which is stimulated by nicotine, cocaine and other related drugs. It has also been analyzed that active smokers experience strong stimulation even when they see a packet of cigarette, it is done by the activation of ventral striatum which is the site of rewarding feeling. It has also seen that long term consumption of alcohol interrupt the opioid system. Another factor that motivates the addiction process is the experience of winning. Holmes (2012) found that, after experience of winning, dopamine and noradrenaline levels are raised which are released at excited or stressed status. Evaluating these models, dopamine Has been found to be linked with dependency and this information can be used in manufacturing drugs which reduces dopamine production. Task 3 Therapy or treatment is referred to the medical procedures which are used for lowering the symptoms and severity of any kind of physical or psychological disorder. Drug addiction can be seen as the health risk behavior which has a link with the psychological disorder. The therapies or treatment of the drug addiction include both the behavioral therapy which is based on the psychological treatment and the pharmacotherapy related to physical therapy. The primary goal of the drug addiction prevention treatment is to prevent the relapse of drug addiction and rehabilitation (McGregor Bowen, 2012). One treatment or therapy for the prevention of drug addiction is through the usage of medication for. This therapy sets the primary goal for preventing relapse, abstinence and rehabilitation. This therapy is useful at the initial stage of addiction for helping the individual suffering from chemical dependency and effects of withdrawal. The reduction of withdrawal effect and chemical dependency at the initial stage is known as the process of detoxification. The medications which are used for detoxify varies within individual to individual (Connors et al., 2012). Individual having alcohol addiction can be treated with naltrexone which works by blocking the opioid receptors which is involved in the rewarding effects of consuming alcohol. Individuals having tobacco addiction are treated with bupropion and varenicline which helps in preventing the relapse of addiction. Acamprosate acts by reducing the long-lasting withdrawal symptoms including anxiety, insomnia and restlessness which indu ce the loss of cognitive thinking. Another common and mostly used therapy of treating addiction includes behavioral therapies. It is psychological treatments which include counseling for modifying individuals attitude and behavior, enhance healthy life skills. However, the effectiveness of this therapy has been shown to give the most promising result while used in a combination with the sedative and other medications specific for the particular kinds of medication. There are different types of behavioral therapies used effectively to treat the drug addiction. Sometimes patient is subjected to an entire program including different sessions of behavioral therapies. The program is established by the counselor through a person-centered care approach (Connors et al., 2012). The programs include: Cognitive behavioral therapy- it helps patients to recognize their health risk behaviors and learn skills for avoiding these behaviors along with the awareness about the coping strategies Multidimensional family therapy- It is planned for adolescents with drug addiction issues along with their family. The treatment aims to identify different stimulants for drug abuse patterns and based on which the plan is made for improving overall family functioning. Motivational interviewing- It influences individuals willingness for changing behavior and go one step ahead towards treatment, the therapy targets to improve the functioning of entire family. Motivational incentives- The positive reinforcement is targeted through this therapy for encouraging abstinence from drugs. In spite of these twp therapeutic branches, the therapeutic communication, short term residential treatment, recovery housing can be implemented based on the stage of drug addiction of the patient. 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